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The Digital Company Resource – Directory & Links
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Content derived from Wikipedia article on Digital Equipment Corporation
Digital Equipment Corporation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search
The DEC logoDigital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. It is often referred to within the computing industry as DEC. (This acronym was once officially used by Digital itself, [1] but the official name was always DIGITAL.) Its PDP and VAX products were arguably the most popular mini-computers for the scientific and engineering communities during the 70s and 80s. DEC was acquired by Compaq in June 1998, which subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002. As of 2006 its product lines were still produced under the HP name. From 1957 until 1992 its headquarters was in an old woolen mill in Maynard, Massachusetts.
Digital Equipment Corporation should not be confused with Digital Research; the two were unrelated, separate entities; or with Western Digital (despite the fact that they made the LSI-11 chipsets used in Digital Equipment Corporation's low end PDP-11/03 computers). Note, however, that there were Digital Research Laboratories where DEC did its corporate research.
Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 8-bit systems 1.2 12-bit systems 1.3 16-bit systems 1.4 18-bit systems 1.5 24-bit systems 1.6 32-bit systems 1.7 36-bit systems 1.8 VAX systems 1.9 Alpha and MIPS systems 1.10 Personal computers 1.11 Architecting Solutions 1.12 Closing DEC's business 2 Research 3 Accomplishments 4 References 4.1 External links
History The company was founded in 1957 by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson, two engineers who had been working at MIT Lincoln Laboratory on the TX-2 project. The TX-2 was a transistor-based computer using the then-huge amount of 64K 36-bit words of core memory. When that project ran into difficulties, Olsen and Anderson left MIT to form DEC. Venture capital of about $70,000 was provided by Georges Doriot and his American Research and Development Corporation. AR&D later sold its investment in Digital for approximately $450 million, certainly the best VC return ever at the time. At the time the VC market was hostile to computer companies, and investors shied from their plans. The original business plan named the company "Digital Computer Corporation", but AR&D required that the name be changed to DEC. Instead DEC started building small digital "modules" (flip flops, gates, transformer drivers, etc.) that could be combined together to run scientific and engineering experiments. In 1959 Ben Gurley started design of their first computer, the PDP-1 (PDP being an initialism for Programmable Data Processor).
System Building Blocks 1103 hex-inverter card (both sides)The first modules were the free-standing "laboratory modules", placing one or two gates inside an extruded aluminum housing. These modules could be stacked up in a pre-configured 19" rack shelf that supplied power to the modules; the logic circuits were then established using banana plug patch cords installed at the front of the modules. The same circuits were then packaged as "System Building Blocks", which were used to build the PDP-1.
A "B" (blue) series Flip Chip module containing 9 transistors, 1971The same circuits were then packaged as the first "R" (red) series "Flip-Chip®" modules. Later, other module series provided additional speed, much higher logic density, and industrial I/O capabilities. Digital published extensive data about the modules in free catalogs that became very popular.
8-bit systems In the 1980s, DEC built the VT180 (codenamed "Robin"), which was a VT100 terminal with a Z80-based microcomputer running CP/M.
This evolved into the Rainbow 100, which had both Z80 and 8088 CPUs and was capable of running CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS.
DEC also used Intel 8-bit microprocessors as embedded processors within larger systems, for example, as the console processor in PDP-11/04, 11/34, and 11/44 systems and as the main processor within the VT100 family of video terminals.
12-bit systems
A PDP-8 on display at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.. This example is from the first generation of PDP-8s, built with discrete transistors and later known as the Straight 8.To serve laboratories at a lower cost, DEC provided the PDP-5, an early minicomputer in 1963. True success followed with the introduction of the famous PDP-8 in 1964. It was a smaller, 12-bit word machine that sold for about $16,000. The PDP-8 was small enough to fit on a cart. It was simple enough to be used for many roles, and they soon started being sold in huge numbers to new market niches, labs, railways, and all sorts of industrial applications.
The PDP-8 was important historically because it was the first computer that was regularly purchased by a handful of end users as an alternative to using a larger system in a data center. Because of their low cost and portability, these machines could be purchased to fill a specific need, unlike the mainframe systems of the day that were nearly always shared among diverse users. Today the PDP-8 is generally regarded as the first minicomputer. The PDP-8 spawned a cousin, the PDP-12, which merged data acquisition and display capabilities developed with the NIH-sponsored LINC computers into the PDP-8 architecture.
Many 8 and 16 bit machine architectures are said to be inspired by the PDP-8, including the HP 2100 and Data General Nova, and to a lesser extent the National Semiconductor IMP, PACE, and INS8900 microprocessors and the Signetics 2650 microprocessor. Machines based on the PDP-8 can be characterized by a small number of accumulators (such as AC and MQ, or A and B), or a small number of general registers (R0-R3) rather than a relatively large number of regular registers (such as R0-R7 or R15), and by memory addressing in terms of a base page and a current page (related to PC value).
The design of the 4 bit Intel 4004 was also inspired by the PDP-8, although it has a series of regular registers (R0-R15), because Ted Hoff while evaluating the Busicom designed calculator chipset for production by Intel realized that the PDP-8 sitting in the corner of the room was far more powerful than these chips yet the circuitry was much simpler. Therefore he proposed that Intel not make the chips designed by Busicom, but instead design a "computer chipset" for them that they could program as a calculator.
16-bit systems Data General was formed by a group of DEC engineers in May,1968 and rapidly brought the 16 bit NOVA minicomputer to market. DEC immediately found itself behind in the industry transition to 8 bit bytes. The PDP-11 16 bit computer was architected in a crash program by Harold McFarland, Gordon Bell, Roger Cady, and others. Its numerous architectural innovations, including the UNIBUS, proved superior to all competitors and the "11" architecture was soon the industry leader. The first model was the PDP-11/20 and was followed by higher performance models such as the 11/45 and 11/70. As improvements to integrated circuits enabled the single chip microprocessor, 11's eventually were packaged in cases no larger than a modern PC.
The PDP-11 systems supported several operating systems, including Bell Labs' new Unix operating system as well as DEC's RSX and RSTS. Both RSTS and Unix were available to educational institutions at little or no cost, and these PDP-11 systems were destined to be the sandbox for a generation of engineers and computer scientists. Large numbers of 11/70's were deployed in telecommunications and industrial control applications. AT&T became DEC's largest customer.
The PDP-11's 16-bit, byte-oriented architecture provided a 64KB virtual address space. Most models had a paged physical memory architecture and memory protection features to allow timesharing, and some could support split Instruction & Data spaces for an effective virtual address size of 128KB and a physical address size of up to 4MB.
PDP operating systems were the model for many other operating systems. CP/M used a similar command syntax, and even retained the awkward PIP program which was used to copy programs which was dropped in MS-DOS and Windows NT, which succeeded CP/M and VAX/VMS. The use of switches would lead to the adoption of '\' for pathnames in Windows compared to '/' in UNIX.
18-bit systems Through the 1960s DEC produced a series of machines aimed at a price/performance point below IBM's mainframe machines, typically based on an 18-bit word, using core memory: the PDP-1, the PDP-4 (1963), the PDP-7 (the first to use their Flip-Chip® technology) and PDP-9 (1965), and finally the PDP-15 series (starting in 1970 and later sold as the "XVM" series). The PDP-15 was an early user of TTL integrated circuits. These computers were moderately powerful computers for their time, mainly used in industrial, scientific, and medical laboratories.
24-bit systems According to Gordon Bell, the second PDP (PDP-2) was reserved for a 24-bit computer that was never developed.
32-bit systems Although they were never responsible for a 32-bit system in its entirety, DEC collaborated with ARM to produce the StrongARM processor. This processor, based in part on ARM7 and in part on DEC technologies like Alpha, was highly compatible with the ARMv4 architecture and set the standard for microprocessors intended for mobile applications, virtually destroying the market for technologies such as MIPS and SuperH in these markets. Microsoft subsequently dropped PocketPC support for these architectures, largely as a result of the extremely broad appeal of StrongARM. When DEC ceased to trade, the StrongARM intellectual property was sold to Intel, who continued to manufacture StrongARM, as well as developing it into XScale.
36-bit systems A paper design for the third PDP (PDP-3) was developed, and a single computer was produced from the specification by a DEC customer using DEC System Building Blocks.
For larger scientific problems DEC produced first the PDP-6 in 1964, using a 36-bit architecture. Using the same word length as the IBM 701-7094 series scientific computers, which were being replaced by the 32-bit IBM System/360 series, and the UNIVAC 1107, which was replaced by the successor UNIVAC 1108 the next year, provided an alternative growth path for scientific customers. The successor was the PDP-10 series, eventually being sold as the DECsystem-10 and DECSYSTEM-20
VAX systems
A representative VAX-11/780 system configurationIn 1976 DEC decided to extend the PDP-11 archtecture to 32 bits, creating the first 32-bit minicomputer which they referred to as a super-mini. This was launched as the VAX (Virtual Address eXtension) 11/780 in 1978, and immediately took over the vast majority of the minicomputer market. Desperate attempts by competitors such as Data General (which had been formed in 1968 by Ed DeCastro and 8 other DEC engineers who had worked on a 16-bit design that DEC had rejected) to win back market share failed, due not only to DEC's successes, but the emergence of the microcomputer and workstation into the lower-end of the minicomputer market. In 1983, DEC cancelled their "Jupiter" project, which had been intended to build a successor to the PDP-10, and instead focused on promoting the VAX as their the single computer architecture for the company. It was believed that microprocessor technology at the low end and networking of larger systems could produce a 1:1000 range of computing power from one architecture.
The VAX series had an instruction set that is rich even by today's standards (as well as an abundance of addressing modes). In addition to the paging and memory protection features of the PDP series, the VAX supported virtual memory. The VAX could use both Unix and DEC's own VMS operating system.
At its peak in the late 1980s, Digital was the second-largest computer company in the world, with over 100,000 employees. It was during this time that they appeared to gain a feeling of invincibility, and branched out into software, producing products for almost every then "hot" niche. This included their own networking system, DECnet, file and print sharing, relational database, and even transaction processing. Although many of these products were well designed, most of them were DEC-only or DEC-centric, and customers frequently ignored them and used third party products instead. This problem was further magnified by Olsen's aversion to traditional advertising and his belief that well-engineered products would sell themselves. Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent on these projects, at the same time that workstations based on RISC architecture were starting to approach the VAX in performance. Constrained by their huge success of the VAX/VMS products, which followed the proprietary model, the company was very late to respond to commodity hardware in the form of Intel-based personal computers and standards-based software such as Unix and Internet protocols such as TCP/IP. In the early 1990s DEC found its sales faltering, and its first layoffs followed. The company that created the minicomputer and arguably the first computers for personal use did not effectively respond to the significant restructuring of the computer industry.
Alpha and MIPS systems
Inside view of AlphaServer 2100.During the 1980s DEC made several attempts at designing a RISC (reduced instruction set) processor to replace the VAX architecture. Eventually, in 1992 DEC launched the Alpha processor (initially named Alpha AXP, the "AXP" was later dropped). This was a 64-bit RISC architecture (as opposed to the 32-bit CISC architecture used in the VAX) and one of the first 64-bit microprocessor designs. The Alpha offered class-leading performance at its launch, and subsequent variants continued to do so into the 2000s. Alpha-based computers (the DEC AXP series, later the AlphaStation and AlphaServer series) superseded both the VAX architecture and the MIPS-based DECstation line, and could run VMS, DEC's 4.2BSD-based Unix variant called Ultrix and Microsoft's new server operating system Windows NT.
DEC tried to compete in the Unix market by marketing the VMS operating system as "OpenVMS" and by selling their own Unix (OSF/1 AXP, later renamed Digital UNIX, and even later Tru64), and it began to advertise more aggressively. DEC was simply not prepared to sell into a crowded Unix market however, and furthermore the low end PC-servers running NT (based on Intel processors) took market share from Alpha-based computers. DEC's workstation and server line never gained much popularity beyond former DEC customers.
Personal computers Digital responded to the challenge of the IBM-PC with not one, but three machines, tied to proprietary architectures. One machine was for "professionals", barely hiding CEO Ken Olsen's contempt for the IBM PC. One was for word processing only, and one was "almost" IBM compatible. All 3 were commercial failures. Packaging was based on the new VT220 terminals. The DEC Professional Series Model 350 (380) was based on the PDP-11/23 (11/73) which, running RSX-11M+ derived the menu-driven P/OS, was software incompatible with the base of largely CP/M and 8080 based microcomputers. The 'Pro' provided 64K 16-bit addresses windowing into 2 MB of physical memory, compared to 1 MB capacity of the Intel 8086. The DecMate I and II was the latest version of the PDP-8 based word processors, but not really suited to general computing, nor competitive with Wang word processing which was becoming popular. The Rainbow 100 ran an 8086 implementation of CP/M, so applications could in theory be recompiled, but by this time, users were expecting custom-built applications such as Lotus 1-2-3, which was eventually ported along with MS-DOS V2.0 and introduced in late 1983. Users objected to having to buy preformatted floppy disks, though this is now commonplace.
DEC was initially resistant to even supporting MS-DOS, and did not produce a true IBM-PC compatible computer for many years, though the VAXmate came close, introduced in 1986 along with MS-Windows V1.0 and a VAX/VMS based (file and print) server for Microsoft's network protocols (such as SMB and NetBIOS) along with integration into DEC's own DECnet-family, providing LAN/WAN connection from PC to mainframe (supermini). The lines of DECs personal computers peaked with the Alpha-based 64-bit RISC workstations introduced in the early 90s. DEC later produced a range of true IBM-PC compatible computers, including the Venturis, Celebris and Digital PC desktop lines, the HiNote series of laptops and the Digital Server and Prioris ranges of servers.[1]
Architecting Solutions Beyond DECsystem-10/20, PDP, VAX and Alpha, Digital was well respected for its communications sub-system designs, such as DNA (Digital Network Architecture - predominantly DECnet products), DSA (Digital Storage Architecture - disks/tapes/controllers), and its "dumb terminal" subsystems including VT100 and DECserver products. For in-depth articles regarding Digital technologies, refer to the archived Digital Technical Journal.
Closing DEC's business In June of 1992, Ken Olsen was replaced by Robert Palmer as the company's CEO. Palmer had joined DEC in 1985 to run Semiconductor Engineering and Manufacturing. His relentless campaign to be CEO and success with the Alpha microprocessor family made him a candidate to succeed Olsen. However, Palmer was unable to stem the tide of red ink. More rounds of layoffs ensued and many of DEC's assets were spun off:
Worldwide training was spun off to form an independent/new company called Global Knowledge Network [2]. Their database product, Rdb, was sold to Oracle. The TK-series tape technology was sold to Quantum Corporation as the basis for today's DLT and SuperDLT technology. Text terminal business (VT100 and its successors) was sold in August 1995 to Boundless Technologies. In May 1997, DEC sued Intel for allegedly infringing on its Alpha patents in designing the Pentium chips. As part of a settlement, DEC's chip business was sold to Intel. This included DEC's StrongARM implementation of the ARM computer architecture, which Intel sold as the XScale processors commonly used in Pocket PCs. In 1997, the printer business was sold to GENICOM (now TallyGenicom), which then produced models bearing the Digital logo. At about the same time, the networking business was sold to Cabletron Systems, and subsequently spun off as Digital Network Products Group. The DECtalk and DECvoice voice products were spun off, and eventually arrived at Fonix. Eventually, on January 26, 1998, what remained of the company was sold to Compaq. Compaq itself was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2002. Hewlett-Packard now sells what were Digital's StorageWorks disk/tape products [3], made possible through the Compaq acquisition.
The Digital logo survived for a while after the company ceased to exist, as the logo of Digital GlobalSoft, an IT services company in India (which was a 51% subsidiary of DEC). Digital GlobalSoft was later renamed "HP GlobalSoft" (also known as the "HP Global Delivery India Center" or HP GDIC) and no longer uses the Digital logo nor follows the erstwhile Digital culture of engineering predominance.
The digital.com and DEC.com domain names are now owned by Hewlett-Packard and redirect to their US website www.digital.com, www.DEC.com.
Research DEC's Research Laboratories (or Research Labs, as they were commonly known) conducted Digital's corporate research. Some of them were operated by Compaq and are still operated by Hewlett-Packard. The laboratories were:
Western Research Laboratory (WRL) in Palo Alto, California Systems Research Center (SRC) in Palo Alto, California Network Systems Laboratory (NSL) in Palo Alto, California Cambridge Research Laboratory (CRL) in Cambridge, Massachusetts Paris Research Laboratory (PRL) in Paris, France Some of the former employees of Digital's Research Labs or Digital's R&D in general include:
Gordon Bell Henry Burkhardt III founder of Data General Corporation and Kendall Square Research Dave Cutler Ed DeCastro founder of Data General Corporation Alan Kotok Leslie Lamport Butler Lampson Jeffrey Mogul Louis Monier Some of the work of the Research Labs was published in the Digital Technical Journal, published until 1998. At least some of the research reports are available online at ftp.digital.com, in the subdirectories WRL, SRC, NSL, CRL, PRL (see above) (verified July 2006)
Accomplishments Digital supported the ANSI standards, especially the ASCII character set, which survives in Unicode and the ISO character set. Digital's own Multinational Character Set also had a large influence on the Latin-1 characters in ISO 8859-1 and Unicode.
The first versions of the C programming language and the UNIX system ran on Digital's PDP series of computers (first on a PDP-7, then the PDP-11's), which were the first commercially viable minicomputers.
Digital also produced the popular VAX computer family, the first pure 64-bit microprocessor architecture, Alpha AXP, the first commercially successful workstation (the VT-78), and some commercially unsuccessful personal computers.
Digital produced top-line operating systems, like OS-8, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, RSTS/E, RSX-11, RT-11, and OpenVMS. PDP computers, in particular the PDP-11 model, inspired a generation of programmers and software developers. Some PDP-11 systems more than 25 years old (software and hardware) are still being used (as of 2004) to control and monitor factories, transportation systems and nuclear plants. Digital was an early champion of time-sharing systems, as anybody who has used other operating systems like MVS or VM/CMS from IBM can attest.
Digital was to the command-line interface (CLI) what Apple was to the GUI: there was history before and innovation after, but it was Digital's OSes that put it together in a complete and definitive form. The command-line interfaces found in the Digital's OSes, eventually to be codified as DCL, would look familiar to any user of modern microcomputer CLIs; those used in earlier systems, such as CTSS, IBM's JCL, or Univac's time-sharing systems, would look utterly alien. Many features of the CP/M and MS-DOS CLI show a recognizable family resemblance to Digital's OSes, including command names such as DIR and HELP and the "name-dot-extension" file naming conventions.
VAX and MicroVAX computers (very widespread in the 1980s) running VMS formed one of the most important pre-Internet networks, DECnet, which mixed business and research facilities. The DECnet protocols formed one of the first peer-to-peer networking standards. Email, file sharing, and distributed collaborative projects existed within the company long before their value was recognized in the market.
Digital, Intel and Xerox were champions of Ethernet, but Digital is the company that made Ethernet commercially successful. Initially, Ethernet based DECnet and LAT protocols interconnected VAXes with DECserver terminal servers. Starting with the UNIBUS to Ethernet adapter, multiple generations of Ethernet controllers from Digital were the de facto standard. The CI "computer interconnect adapter was the industry's first network interface controller to use separate transmit and receive "rings". These "rings" were adopted shortly thereafter by Digital's Ethernet adpater for the UNIBUS, and later by nearly all communication adapters.
Clustering, an operating system technology that treated multiple machines as one logical entity, was invented by Digital. Clustering permitted sharing of pooled disk and tape storage via the HSC50/70/90 and later series of Hierarchical Storage Controllers. HSC's delivered the first hardware RAID 0 and 1 capabilities and the first serial interconnects of multiple storage technologies. This technology was the forerunner to systems like Network of Workstations which are used for massively cooperative tasks such as web-searches and drug research.
The LA36 and LA120 dot matrix printers became industry standards and lead to the demise of Teletype Corporation.
The VT100 computer terminal became the industry standard, and even today terminal emulators such as HyperTerminal, PuTTY and Xterm still emulate a VT100 (though most actually emulate its more capable successor, the VT220).
The X Window System, the first remote-windowing system, was developed by Project Athena at MIT. Digital was the primary sponsor for this project.
Dave Cutler, the operating system guru who led the development of RSX-11M, RSX-11M+, VMS and then VAXeln left Digital in 1988 to lead the development of Windows NT. A rumor circulated for a long time that WNT=VMS+1 (increment each letter by one). Cutler has never directly confirmed this but does not deny it either.
Notes-11 and its follow-on product, VAXnotes, were two of the first examples of online collaboration software, a category that has become to be known as groupware. Len Kawell, one of the original Notes-11 developers later joined Lotus Development Corporation and contributed to their Lotus Notes product.
Digital was one of the first businesses connected to the Internet, dec.com (registered in 1985[4]) being one of the first of the now ubiquitous .com domains. gatekeeper.dec.com was a well-known software repository during the pre-World Wide Web days, but Digital was also the first computer vendor to open a public website, on October 1, 1993 [5]. The popular AltaVista, created by Digital, was one of the first comprehensive Internet search engines (although Lycos was earlier, it was much more limited).
Invention of Digital Linear Tape (DLT) which began as a 5.25" replacement for a refrigerator sized 1600 bpi 1/2" 50 megabyte tape drive and grew to capacities in excess of 30 gigabytes.
Working on the first hard-disk-based MP3-player, the Personal Jukebox started at the DEC Systems Research Center (the project was started about a month before the merger into Compaq was completed).
The iPaq PDA was created in the DEC's Western Research Lab, originally it was called Itsy.
References Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Digital Equipment Corporation "DEC used by Digital itself:" PDP11 Processor Handbook (1973): page 8, "DEC, PDP, UNIBUS are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation;" page 1-4, "Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) designs and manufacturers many of the peripheral devices offered with PDP-11's. As a designer and manufacturer of peripherals, DEC can offer extremely reliable equipment... The LA30 DECwriter, a totally DEC-designed and built teleprinter, can serve as an alternative to the Teletype." Edgar H. Schein, Peter S. DeLisi, Paul J. Kampas, and Michael M. Sonduck, DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation (San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler, 2003), ISBN 1-57675-225-9. C. Gordon Bell, J. Craig Mudge, and John E. McNamara, Computer Engineering - A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design; Digital Press, 1978, ISBN 0-932376-00-2. Alan R. Earls, Digital Equipment Corporation; Arcadia Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-738535-87-7.
External links OpenVMS.org Tru64.org (formerly OSF1, then Digital UNIX) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" Categories: Digital Equipment Corporation | Companies established in 1957 | 1998 disestablishments | Defunct computer companies of the United States | UML Partners
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation
Content derived from Wikipedia article on DEC Operating Systems
Category:DEC Operating Systems From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search
Subcategories There is one subcategory to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).
O [+] OpenVMS Pages in category "DEC Operating Systems" There are 15 pages in this section of this category.
D DOS/BATCH 11 Dynamic debugging technique O OS/8 Octal Debugging Technique OpenVMS R RADIX-50 RSTS/E RSX-11 RT-11 T TOPS-10 TOPS-20 T cont. Tru64 UNIX U Ultrix V VAXELN W WPS-8
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:DEC_Operating_Systems
Content derived from Wikipedia article on DEC Hardware
Category:DEC hardware From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search
Pages in category "DEC hardware" There are 48 pages in this section of this category.
A AlphaServer AlphaStation D DEC 3000 AXP DEC Alpha DEC Multia DEC PRISM DEC Professional (computer) DECSA DECSYSTEM-20 DECmate DECmate II DECserver DECstation DECsystem DECtape Dot matrix printer F Foonly K Alan Kotok L LINC LK201 M Mass Storage Control Protocol Massbus P PALcode PDP-1 PDP-10 PDP-11 PDP-6 PDP-7 PDP-8 Programmed Data Processor Q Q-Bus R RA90 RK05 R cont. Rainbow 100 S Star coupler Synchronous Backplane Interconnect T TJ-2 TURBOchannel U Unibus V VAX VAXBI Bus VAXmate VT05 VT100 VT180 VT220 VT420 VT52
End of Wikipedia content, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:DEC_hardware
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North America USA - Alabama (AL) > Birmingham; Alaska; Arkansas (AR) > Little Rock; Arizona (AZ) > Phoenix, Las Vegas, Tucson; California (CA) > Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento, Fresno, Bakersfield; Colorado, CO > Denver; Connecticut, CT > Hartford; District of Columbia, DC > Washington DC; Delaware (DE) > Wilmington; Florida > Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Orlando, Sarasota, West Palm Beach, Jacksonville; Georgia > Atlanta; Hawaii > Honolulu; Idaho; Illinois > Chicago; Indiana > Indianapolis; Iowa; Kansas (KS); Kentucky (KY) > Louisville; Louisiana (LA) > New Orleans, Baton Rouge; Maine; Maryland (MD) > Baltimore; Massachusetts > Boston, Springfield; Michigan > Detroit, Grand Rapids; Minnesota > Minneapolis-St. Paul; Mississippi (MS); Missouri (MO) > Kansas City, St. Louis; Montana; Nebraska (NE) > Omaha; Nevada (NV) > Las Vegas; New Hampshire; New Jersey (NJ) > Jersey City, Newark; New Mexico (NM) > Albuquerque; New York > New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, Syracuse; North Carolina (NC) > Raleigh-Durham, Charlotte, Greensboro; North Dakota; Ohio> Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Toledo, Youngstown, Dayton; Oklahoma (OK) > Oklahoma City, Tulsa; Oregon > Portland; Pennsylvania > Philadelphia, Allentown, Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, Scranton, ; Rhode Island (RI) > Providence; South Carolina (SC) > Greenville; South Dakota; Tennessee (TN) > Knoxville, Memphis, Nashville; Texas > Austin, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, El Paso, Austin, McAllen; Utah (UT) > Salt Lake City; Vermont; Virginia (VA) > Norfolk, Richmond; Washington > Seattle; West Virginia; Wisconsin (WI) > Milwaukee; Wyoming Canada - Vancouver, Montreal, Toronto, Calgary, Ottawa-Gatineau, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg, Hamilton, London
Europe - UK - London, Glasgow, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Bristol, Edinburgh, Leicester; France - Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Nice, Nantes, Strasbourg, Montpellier, Bordeaux; Germany - Frankfurt (Frankfurt am Main), Munich (München), Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Cologne (Köln), Essen, Dortmund, Stuttgart, Bremen, Duisburg, Hannover, Nürnberg (Nuremberg), Dresden, Leipzig; Italy - Milan (Milano), Rome (Roma), Napoli (Naples), Torino (Turin), Palermo, Bologna, Firenze (Florence), Genova (Genoa); Spain - Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Sevilla, Zaragoza, Malaga, Murcia, Las Palmas, Bilbao; Scandinavia - Finland - Helsinki (Helsingin), Espoo, Tampere (Tampereen), Vantaa, Turku, Oulu, Sweden - Stockholm, Goteborg (Göteborg), Malmo (Malmö), Uppsala, Vasteras (Västerås), Denmark - Copenhagen (Københavns), Aarhus (Århus), Odense, Aalborg (Ålborg), Norway - Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Trondheim; Benelux - Belgium - Brussels (Brussel), Antwerp (Antwerpen), Ghent (Gent, Gand), Charleroi, Liège (Liege), Netherlands - Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Eindhoven, Tilburg, ‘s-Gravenhage (sGravenhage), Groningen, Luxembourg - Luxembourg City; Portugal – Lisbon; Greece – Athens; Hungary – Budapest; Poland – Warsaw; Switzerland - Zürich (Zurich), Geneva (Geneve, Genève), Basel, Bern (Berne), Lausanne; Austria - Linz, Vienna (Wien), Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck; Ireland – Dublin
Asia - India - Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore; China & Hong Kong - Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan, Shenyang, Guangzhou, Harbin, Xian; Japan - Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, Kobe, Fukuoka, Kawasaki, Hiroshima; South Korea - Seoul, Pusa, Taegu, Incheon, Taejeon, Taiwan - Taipei; Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur; Singapore; Russia - Moscow, St Petersburg
Middle East - Turkey - Istanbul, Israel - Tel Aviv
Oceania - Australia - Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide
Africa - South Africa - Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban
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